耶鲁专升本秘密讲义
英语中的动词时态★一般现在时1)经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。时间状语： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday
I leave home for school at 7 every morning.
2) 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。
The earth moves around the sun.
/
Light travels faster than sound.
3) 表示格言或警句中。Years bring wisdom.
岁月带来智慧.
Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。Practice makes perfect.
熟能生巧.Haste makes waste.
欲速则不达.
注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。如果从句所叙述的为真理或不变的事实，则永远用现在时
例：Patience wears out stones. 锲而不舍 金石可镂.
My grandpa said that patience wears stones.对比: The donkey is hungry.
→Peter said that the donkey was hungry. ★一般过去时<谚>The greatest artist was once a beginner. 最伟大的艺术家也曾是个初学者.1) 在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。
时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。
疑问句:Where did you go last night?
Did you have a good sleep?
2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。
When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
3）句型：
◆It is time for sb. to do sth "到……时间了" "该……了"
It is time sb. did sth. "时间已迟了" "早该……了"
例:It is time for you to go to bed.你该睡觉了 / It is time you went to bed.你早该睡觉了。
▲would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事'
I'd rather you did not come tomorrow.
[可作补充]wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。
I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。
注意：
用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。◆特殊用法(过去和现在):used to + do："过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。例:I used to catch crabs. / You used to be handsome. be used to + doing：
对……已感到习惯，或"习惯于"，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。
例:He is used to taking a walk after dinner.
他习惯于晚饭后散个步.(现在)◇感悟: 对过去最好的态度:Don’t cry because it is over. Smile because it happened. 不要因为结束而哭泣，微笑吧，为你的曾经拥有。When you grow old, you will regret not doing what you like instead of regret what you having done.
当你老了的时候,不会因为做过什么而后悔,而会因为没做什么而后悔. ★一般将来时不同表达方式:1) shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。
Will you still love me tomorrow?
If you shut your door to all errors, truth will be shut out. 如果你把所有错误都关在门外,真理也被拒之门外了. (泰戈尔)2) be going to +不定式，表示将来。
a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。What are you going to do tomorrow?
b. 计划，安排要发生的事。The play is going to be produced next month。
c. 有迹象要发生的事
Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.3) be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.
/ The best is yet to come.来日会更好.4) be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。
He is about to leave for Beijing.
注意：be about to 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。区别:be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。
be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. (客观安排)
I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排)Will多表意愿和决心(十道羊皮卷):I will greet this day with love in my heart.
I will persist until I succeed.I am nature’s greatest miracle.
I will live this day as if it is my last.I will be the master of my emotions.
I will laugh at the world.
I will act now! ★现在进行时结构: be+V-ing(现在分词)现在进行时的基本用法：
a. 表示现在( 指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情。
I am waiting for you.
歌曲:I am sailing.
b. 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。
GJM is writing another novel.
c. 表示渐变的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。
The leaves are turning brown.
/
It's getting colder and colder.
d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩,多含抱怨。
You are always changing your mind.
She is forever complaining. 考点:
用现在进行时表将来意为："意图"、"打算"、"安排"、常用于人。常用词为 come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay等。 I'm leaving tomorrow.
I am coming to see you.(NCE-2.2)Are you staying here till next month?
典型例题
My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it.
A. has lost, don't find
B. is missing, don't find C. has lost, haven't found D. is missing, haven't found.
答案D. 前句是一个仍在持续的状态，应用进行时，由于没有找到，其影响仍然存在，应用完成时，瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。 ★过去进行时给人直观鲜活的印象,可多用于描写过去:结构: was/were+V-ing(现在分词) (单一单三用was, 其余用were)◇心灵鸡汤: When you were born, you were crying and everyone around you was smiling. Live your life so that when you die, you're the one who is smiling and everyone around you is crying.◇歌曲《I went to your wedding》 Your mother was crying, your father was crying, and I was crying too. The teardrops were falling because we were losing you.
★将来进行时1) 概念：表示将来某时进行的状态或动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。
She'll be coming soon.
I'll be meeting him sometime in the future.
注意：将来进行时不用于表示"意志"，不能说 I'll be having a talk with her.
2）常用的时间状语
Soon, tomorrow, this evening，on Sunday, by this time，tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening.
例: By this time tomorrow, I'll be lying on the beach. ★现在完成时<名言>Life has taught me to think, but thinking has not taught me to live. 生活教会了我思考,但思考却没教会我生活.现在完成时用来表示动作或状态发生在过去, 但它的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。构成：肯:主语+have (has) +过去分词(done)
/
疑:Have/Has+主语+done I have been there.
Have you ever been to ____ ?
考点:1）
This / It is the first / second time…. that… 结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。
This is the first time that I have visited this city.It was the eighth time that the man had failed.
2）This is the… that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时.
This is the best film that I've (ever) seen.
这是我看过的最好的电影。
This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。 真题演练:---Have you ____ been to our town before?
---No, it's the first time I ___ here.
A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come
D. ever, have come ◇现在完成时VS. 一般过去时1）
过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。 I lost my cell phone yesterday.
/
Oh no! I have lost my cell phone!
2）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。＊一般过去时的时间状语: yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now(具体明确的过去时间状语)
＊现在完成时的时间状语
for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,(不确定﹑模糊的时间状语)◇Since的四种用法:1) since +过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点) I have been here since 1989.
2) since +一段时间+ ago
I have been here since two years ago.两年前我就来到了这里.
3) since +从句 Great changes have taken place here since you left. 4) It is +一段时间+ since从句
It is two years since I became a college student. ★过去完成时1）
概念：表示过去的过去
----|--------------|-----------|---------> 其构成是had +过去分词构成。
过去以前
过去
现在
2）
用法
a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。
She said (that) she had never been to Paris.
b. 状语从句√
在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.When I arrived at the train station, the girl had already left.
3) 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。
He said that he had learned some English beforeBy the time he was twelve, Edison had begun to make a living by himself.实战演练:The students _________ their classroom when the visitors arrived.A . have cleaned B. had cleanedC. was cleaned D. have been cleaned ★将来完成时1) 构成will / be going to do sth.
2) 概念
a. 状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。
b. 动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或一获得的经验。
They will have been married for 20 years by then.
You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.实战演练:1. By the time you arrive in London, we _____in Europe for two weeks.A shall stay
B have stayed
C will have stayed
Dhave been staying 2. By 2050 the level of industrial pollution_______dangerous levels in many cities.A will have reached
B will has reached C will have reached
D will reach★将来完成进行时构成：主语+ shall/will have been doing
将来完成进行时表示动作从某一时间开始一直延续到将来某一时间。是否继续下去，要视上下文而定。这个时态常和表示将来某一时间的状语连用。如:
I shall have been working here in this city for six years by the end of this year. 到今年年底，我将在这个城市工作6年了
I will have been pursuing the girl for eight years by the end of this month. 到这个月月底,我追那个女孩将要满8年了. ★过去将来进行时过去将来进行时表示就过去某一时间而言,将来某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作,主要用于宾语从句中,尤其多用于间接引语中。They said they would be coming.
他们说了他们要来的.He asked me what I should be doing at six the next day.他问我次日六点将正在做什么.09.23. It would be _C_ a risk to let the child go to school by himself.
A. following
B. passing
C. running
D. carrying ★过去完成进行时过去完成进行时表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始，一直延续到这一过去时间。和过去完成时一样，过去完成进行时也必须以一过去时间为前提。I had been looking for it for days before I found it. 这东西我找了好多天才找着的。★过去将来完成时过去将来完成时表示在过去看来将来某时会已经完成的动作，它由“would+have+过去分词”构成。如：She said she’d have finished her exams by then. 她说到那时她会已经考完试了I thought Sophia would have told you something. 我想索菲娅会已告诉你一地情况。 被动语态主语是动作的发出者,用主动语态; 主语是动作的承受者,用被动语态.被动语态的构成: be+done (过去分词)+(by 动作的发出者)be 的变化形式很多,很多时态都有各自的被动语态.This book is written by GJM.
That book was written by Luxun.English is spoken in many countries.
◇主动形式表示被动意义:1)wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell, drive…
The book sells well. 这本书销路好。
This knife cuts easily.
这刀子很好用。
2)blame, let(出租), remain, keep, rent, build
I was to blame for the accident.
Much work remains.
3) 在need, require, want, worth (形容词), deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式。
The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired.
This room needs cleaning. 这房间应该打扫一下。
This book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。
4) 特殊结构：make sb. heard / understood (使别人能听见/理解自己)，have sth. done ( 要某人做某事)。 ◇不用被动语态的情况:1)系动词无被动语态：
appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn
/例: It sounds good.□被动语态的谚语:Give love and love will be given. 播撒爱,也会收获爱.Everything that is done in the world is done by love.
世上做成的每件事都是希望的功劳. Man is not made to defeat. Man can be destroyed but not defeated. 人不是为失败而生的. 人可以被毁灭,但是不可以被打败. (海明威<老人与海>)◇need/want/require/worth注意：当 need, want, require, worth(形容词)后面接doing也可以表示被动。
Your hair wants cutting. 你的头发该理了。
The floor requires washing. 地板需要冲洗。
The book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。典型例题
The library needs___, but it'll have to wait until Sunday.
A. cleaning
B. be cleaned
C. clean
D. being cleaned
答案A. need (实意V.) +n /to do，need (情态)+ do，当为被动语态时，还可need + doing. 本题考最后一种用法，选A。如有to be clean 则也为正确答案。
强调句型 常考的强调句结构是it 引导的句子:
It is (was) 被强调部分+ that (who) + 句子其他部分。 此结构强调的成分仅限于主语，宾语和状语。
It is love that makes the world go around. 爱是推动世界的力量.It is often in our suffering that we grow the most. 在痛苦中我们成长最多.It is virtue and not birth that makes us noble. 品德使我们高贵,而不是出身.
典型例题
1） It was last night ___ I see the comet.
A. the time B. when C. that D. which
答案C. 强调句的结构是： It +be +被强调部分 + that (who) + 主谓句。 强调句的连词只有两个，that和who。当强调的部分是人，且为句子的主语时，才用 "who"，其余用that。原句： My father did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.
强调主语： It was my father who did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.
强调宾语： It was the experiment that my father did in the lab yesterday evening.
强调时间： It was yesterday evening that my father did the experiment in the lab.
(注意不用when)
强调地点： It was in the lab that my father did the experiment yesterday evening.
2）It is ten years ___ Miss Green returned to Canada.
A. that B. when C. since D. as
答案C. 考点是连词用法。
本题易误选为A. that. 其实本句不是强调句。若是强调句，去掉It be… that还应是一个完整的句子。而本句去掉 'It is…that'，只剩下ten years Miss Green returned to Canada. 不成句。因此本句不是强调句。
It is /was +时间+ since… 其中is<---> has been was <---> had been. ◇经典强调句College will be the most important years in your life.It is in college that you will truly discover what learning is about.大学将是你人生最重要的时光，在大学里你会发现学习的真谛。——李开复《给女儿的一封信》 虚拟语气虚拟语气存在于if条件从句中和一些固定结构中.
虚拟语气与动词的过去的某种时态形影不离.
虚拟语气是通过谓语动词的变化来实现的.
◆真实条件句用于陈述语气，假设的情况可能发生，if 是如果的意思。
时态关系(主将从现)
句型：
条件从句
主句
一般现在时 shall/will + 动词原形
If winter comes, can spring be far behind?
冬天到了,春天还会远吗?If you shed tears when you miss the sun, you also miss the stars. 如果你因失去太阳而哭泣,你也将失去群星了.真题演练:
The volleyball match will be put off if it ___.
A. will rain B. rains C. rained D. is rained◆非真实条件句一、if 条件状语从句中表示对将来、过去、现在的虚拟1.对现在的虚拟
条件状语从句的动词形式主句的动词形式
If+主语+动词过去式
(be的过去式用were)I (we) should+动词原形主语+would(might, could)+动词原形
If I could rearrange the alphabet, I’d put U and I together.
If I were a boy again, I would cultivate courage. 假如我回到了童年,我将培养勇气.
If hopes were horses, beggars would ride. 如果愿望是马,乞丐也会有马骑.2.对过去的虚拟
条件状语从句的动词形式主句的动词形式
If+主语+had+过去分词I(we) should+ have+过去分词主语+would(might, could)+have+过去分词
If you had taken my advice, you wouldn’t have failed in the examination.例:If the whole operation____ beforehand, a great deal of time and money would have been lost. A.was not planned B.has not been planned
C.had not been planned
D.were not planned 3.对将来的虚拟
条件状语从句的动词形式(三种)主句的动词形式
⑴If+主语+动词过去式(be的过去式用were),通常要与一个表示将来的时间状语连用(tomorrow)⑵If+主语(任何人称和数)+should+动词原形⑶If+主语(任何人称和数) +were +to动词原形I (we) should+动词原形或主语(任何人称)+would(might,could)+动词原形
If you succeeded, everything would be all right.
If you should succeed, everything would be all right.
If you were to succeed, everything would be all right. ◇混合虚拟语气主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，这时主﹑从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这叫做混合条件句。
If he had followed the doctor’s advice, he would be quite all right now.
（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。）If I were you, I would have gone home. 如果我是你,我早就回家了. ◇虚拟语气的倒装虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可将if省略，再把were, should或had 移到从句句首，实行倒装。
Were they here now, they could help us.
→If they were here now, they could help us.
Had you come earlier, you would have met him→If you had come earlier, you would have met him.
If you should fail, try again.→ Should you fail, try again.真题演练:_________your advice yesterday, I would have missed the train.A. Had I not taken
B. If I didn`t take
C. If I haven`t taken
D. Provided I didn`t take ◆考点——固定结构中的虚拟语气
◇It is (high) time that+过去式It is (high) time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。
It is time that the children went to bed.
It is high time that the children should go to bed. ◇If only句中的虚拟语气If only he were here!
If only I knew more!
If only I had taken his advice!区别: only if表示"只有"；if only则表示"如果……就好了"。If only也可用于陈述语气。
I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。
If only the alarm clock had rung. 当时闹钟要是响了，就好了。
If only he comes early. 但愿他早点回来。 ◇在would （just ）as soon
（宁愿）would sooner （宁愿）would （just） rather （宁愿）后的宾语从句中，从句谓语用一般过去时来表示现在或将来要做的事情，若谈及过去的动作，用过去完成时。其后不加that。.I`d rather I were in the rain now.
Don’ t always make noise. I’ d rather you kept silent. ◇在in case, for fear that, lest等引导的状语从句中，意为“以免”，从句要用虚拟语气。构成should+动词原形，should也可以省略。
Take an umbrella with you in case it (should) rain. ◇在表示建议,要求,命令等意思的动词(request, require, demand, advise, suggest, propose, recommend, command, order , desire, insist,)后面的宾语从句中, 谓语动词用should+动词原形(should可以省略,that不能省略)He suggested that we (should) have a meeting.
The commander ordered that the bridge(should) be bombed. ◇表示建议,请求,命令动词在以下结构中（主语从句）“It is suggested/required/request/ordered/advised/insisted/demanded that……”用虚拟语气. 构成It was suggested that he (should) attend the conference.It was requested that the trial (should) be reported openly. ◇在以下结构中(主语从句)It is important/necessary/strange/desirable/advisable/better/essential/vital/imperative(必须的)that…句型中.that引导的从句用虚拟语气，should可以省略,that不能省略.It is essential that there should be enough food and clothing for the winter.It is desirable that your wedding be postponed until next July. ◇
as if/as though或even if/even though引导的从句中的虚拟语气,如果从句中表示的动作发生在过去,则谓语动词用had+过去分词形式;如果指的是现在的状况,则用过去式;指将来则用would(should, could)+动词原形.这里只看从句动作发生的时间,与主句的时态没有关系.He speaks English so fluently as if he had studied English in the U.S.She looks as if/though she were ill.
He would not resign even if the heaven should collapse.(倒塌) 倒装结构◆全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有：
1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。
There goes the bell.铃响了.
There comes the bus.车来了.
Here is your letter.
2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语用表示运动的动词。
Out rushed the boys!男孩们冲了出去.
Away went the girl.那女孩走了.
注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。
Here he comes. Here you are.
◆
部分倒装部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。经典考点:助动词/情态动词/be动词 + 主语 + 实义动词以下情况需要部分倒装:◇
句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until… 等。 Never have I seen such a performance.
Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.
注意：
如否定词不在句首不倒装。 I have never seen such a performance.⊕真题实战:Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is.
A. man did know B. man know C. didn't man know D. did man know
答案D.看到Not until…的句型，我们知道为一倒装句，答案在C，D 中选一个。 ◇
以否定词组开头句子需要部分倒装, 如 Not only…but also, Hardly/Scarcely…when, No sooner… thanNot only had the poor man been arrested, but he had been sent to prison as well.
(注意：只有当Not only… but also连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only… but also仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结构。)
Not only you but also I am fond of music.
Hardly had she got married when her true love came back from the battlefield. 她刚结婚,她心爱的人就从战场回来了.
⊕真题实战:No sooner___ than it began to rain heavily.
A. the game began B. has the game begun
C. did the game begin
D. had the game begun
答案D.◇only在句首要倒装的情况Only in this way, can you learn English well.
Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.
如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装
Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.◇
so, neither, nor作部分倒装表示"也"、"也不" 的句子要部分倒装。
Tom can speak French. So can Jack.
If you won't go, neither will I.真题实战: ---Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother?
---I don't know, _____.
A. nor don't I care B. nor do I care C. I don't care neither D. I don't care also
答案：B. nor为增补意思"也不关心"，因此句子应倒装。A错在用 don't 再次否定， C neither 用法不对且缺乏连词。 D缺乏连词。 ◇
其它部分的倒装1) so… that 句型中的so 位于句首时，需倒装。
So frightened was she that she did not dare to move an inch. 她吓的动也不敢动.
2) 在某些表示祝愿的句型中：
May you all be happy.
3) 在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词，可将if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。
例: Were I you, I would try it again. 真题实战：
1） Not until the early years of the 19th century___ what heat is
A. man did know B. man knew C. didn't man know D. did man know
答案为D. 否定词Not在句首，要求用部分倒装的句子结构。
2） Not until I began to work ___ how much time I had wasted.
A. didn't I realize B. did I realize C. I didn't realize D. I realize
答案为B。
3) Do you know Tom bought a new car?
I don't know, ___.
A. nor don't I care
B. nor do I care
C. I don't care neither D. I don't care also
解析：答案为B. 句中的nor引出部分倒装结构，表示"也不"。由 so, neither, nor引导的倒装句，表示前一情况的重复出现。其中, so用于肯定句, 而 neither, nor 用在否定句中。
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